Every breeder knows that timing matters. It shapes mating decisions, foaling preparation, sales planning, and eventually, a young horse’s path to the track.
But some of the most important timing in a foal’s life happens before it is even a day old.
During the first 24 hours after birth, a foal must stand, nurse, regulate its body temperature, and begin building immune protection. For most, this transition unfolds naturally. For others, a missed window can create a serious risk.
Failure of Passive Transfer, or FPT, occurs when a foal does not receive or absorb enough antibodies from the mare’s colostrum. It may affect as many as 1 in 5 foals in Australia, making it a significant concern for breeders, owners, and stud managers.
Foals are born without maternal antibodies. Because of the equine placenta, mares cannot pass immunity to the foal before birth. Protection must instead come through colostrum, the antibody-rich first milk produced before foaling.
Colostrum contains immunoglobulins, primarily IgG. Absorption is strongest during the first 6 to 8 hours after birth and declines rapidly. By 24 hours, the window has effectively closed.
Early nursing is therefore more than a reassuring milestone. It is a critical immune event.
FPT can occur for several reasons:
Poor-quality or insufficient colostrum
Loss of colostrum before foaling
Delayed nursing or maternal rejection
Foal weakness, injury, or prematurity
Failure to absorb antibodies despite nursing
FPT may not be immediately visible. A foal can appear bright and active while still lacking adequate antibodies.
IgG levels below 400 mg/dl at 24 hours indicate FPT, while levels between 400 and 800 mg/dl indicate partial FPT. In either case, the foal’s ability to fight infection is compromised.
Foals with inadequate passive immunity are more vulnerable to septicemia, pneumonia, diarrhea, and joint infections. These conditions can require intensive veterinary care and, in severe cases, result in the loss of the foal.
Early illness may also disrupt growth and development long before a young horse reaches the training track.
Because FPT can be difficult to detect by observation alone, veterinary assessment is essential. An IgG test within the first 12 to 24 hours can confirm whether passive transfer was successful and allow treatment before infection develops.
Breeders should also monitor nursing, energy, hydration, temperature regulation, and umbilical health.
When passive transfer is incomplete, plasma therapy can provide the immune support that colostrum did not deliver.
Plasvacc’s Equiplas® equine plasma is used by veterinarians across Australia, New Zealand, and internationally to support foals experiencing complete or partial Failure of Passive Transfer. Rich in gamma globulins, Equiplas® helps raise antibody levels quickly and safely by delivering concentrated immune support directly into the bloodstream.
Equiplas® is:
APVMA and NZFSA registered
Typically administered in 2, 1,000ml doses, depending on veterinary assessment
Used to support foals with FPT, partial FPT, and immune challenges associated with illness or infection
For breeders preparing for foaling season, access to timely veterinary care and appropriate plasma support can make a meaningful difference when early immunity is in question.
FPT cannot always be predicted, but it can be identified and treated. Monitoring early nursing, assessing passive transfer, and acting quickly when antibody levels are low can reduce the risk of serious illness.
In racing, timing matters. For newborn foals, it can matter from the very first day.
Learn more about Equiplas® at Plasvacc.com.









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