Few thoroughbred auctions command the international prestige of the Tattersalls December Mares Sale, and another extraordinary collection of elite racing and breeding prospects will converge on Newmarket from November 30 to December 2, with 896 lots catalogued for Europe's premier breeding stock auction. At the summit sits the fifth renewal of the celebrated Sceptre Sessions, staged on November 30 and December 1, where some of the world's most coveted fillies and broodmares will enter a ring renowned for producing champions and shaping breeding dynasties across generations. Four Gr1-winning fillies headline the 2026 offering, led by Irish Oaks heroine Johanna Walsh, Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf winner Balantina, dual Gr1 winner Venetian Sun and internationally accomplished Tiffany, winner of the Gr1 Grosser Preis von Berlin. Venetian Sun, successful in the Gr1 Prix Morny and Gr1 Commonwealth Cup, brings exceptional sprinting credentials, while Tiffany's family connections recall Marsha, whose record-breaking 6 million guineas sale in 2017 remains a benchmark for European bloodstock auctions. The catalogue also includes Gr2 winner See The Fire, Classic-placed Inis Mor and outstanding broodmare Syndicate, dam of five-time Gr1 winner Ombudsman and offered carrying a full sibling to the Godolphin champion by Night Of Thunder. Garden Of Eden, in foal to Frankel, and six-time Gr1 winner Laurens, carrying to Kingman, add further distinction to a catalogue encompassing 44 Group and Listed-winning fillies. As highlighted by Tattersalls in its October catalogue announcement, the Sceptre Sessions have rapidly established themselves as a focal point for the international bloodstock market, although the wider December Mares Sale possesses an equally compelling record of shaping Australasian racing. Perhaps its greatest legacy began in 1998 when Australian bloodstock agent John Foote purchased Tugela for 60,000 guineas on behalf of Tony Santic, carrying the unborn filly who would become three-time Melbourne Cup heroine Makybe Diva. More recently, Cambridge Stud secured Las Brisas for 50,000 guineas in 2018, subsequently producing four-time Gr1 winner Ceolwulf, while Rekindled Applause, purchased for 57,000 guineas, became the dam of Everest champion Giga Kick. Another remarkable investment involved Amerindia, acquired by Dean Hawthorne Bloodstock for 150,000 guineas in 2017 before producing triple Gr1 winner Militarize, while the 2019 purchase of Khor Sheed for just 26,000 guineas provided another connection to Melbourne Cup glory through her outstanding son Without A Fight. The catalogue's international credentials were spectacularly illustrated by Yulong's 2.7 million guineas acquisition of Via Sistina in 2023, after which the Fastnet Rock mare became one of Australia's greatest modern champions. Her dam Nigh had herself changed hands for only 36,000 guineas at the same sale in 2019. The Australian influence extends even further, with the dams of Melbourne Cup winners Twilight Payment, Rekindling, Protectionist and Green Moon also having passed through the December Mares Sale. Such results reinforce the extraordinary opportunities available beyond the headline Sceptre offerings, where discerning investors can discover valuable bloodlines at vastly different price points. With major drafts from Juddmonte, Godolphin and Europe's leading nurseries complementing its elite racing prospects, the 2026 auction promises another fascinating chapter in a sale whose influence reaches from Newmarket's historic Park Paddocks to the greatest stages of Australasian racing.
Horse of The Year Via Sistina (pic: supplied)
UK Racing Unveils Ambitious Welfare Blueprint
Thursday, 12th November 2026
A sweeping five-year strategy aimed at strengthening equine welfare, improving transparency and safeguarding the long-term future of British thoroughbred racing has been unveiled at Westminster, with industry leaders warning that maintaining public confidence will depend increasingly upon the sport demonstrating measurable responsibility for horses throughout their lives. Developed by the independently chaired Horse Welfare Board, the 2027–2031 strategy builds upon the original A Life Well Lived programme introduced in 2020 and establishes 20 priorities across four principal areas: quality of life, safety, lifetime responsibility and public trust. Central to the initiative is an ambitious commitment to achieving 100 per cent lifetime traceability for thoroughbreds bred for racing in Britain, extending monitoring beyond their competitive careers and into retirement, retraining and subsequent ownership. As reported by Racing Post, Horse Welfare Board chair Baroness Minette Batters emphasised that the industry's future depended upon responding convincingly to rising public expectations surrounding animal welfare. "Our racing customer expects us to be achieving on safety, on welfare, on wellbeing, and they want to know what we're doing about it," she said. The programme will place particular emphasis on gathering more comprehensive veterinary and training information, including medication histories, exercise workloads, racing surfaces, injuries and interruptions to preparation, enabling researchers to identify potential risk factors before they contribute to serious harm. The British Horseracing Authority also intends to explore artificial intelligence, wearable technology and gait analysis as potential tools for improving injury prevention, while moving towards digital medication records and more sophisticated information-sharing systems. Racing's official aftercare partner, Retraining of Racehorses, has simultaneously introduced its own five-year programme focusing on lifelong support, improved visibility of retired thoroughbreds and the development of sustainable opportunities beyond racing. Its chairman David Thorpe delivered a particularly stark warning about the consequences of failing to address the industry's responsibilities. "If we don't get this right, we should all fear for the future of British racing," he declared. Research undertaken through British racing's Project Beacon identified welfare concerns as a major obstacle to attracting new audiences, reinforcing the importance of demonstrating genuine progress rather than relying upon public assurances. The strategy also recognises the need for continued scrutiny of controversial practices, including whip use, alongside greater openness concerning injuries and fatalities. Previous welfare initiatives received £7.6 million in support from the Racing Foundation and Horserace Betting Levy Board, with more than £1 million already committed towards implementation of the new programme during 2027. BHA chief executive Brant Dunshea stressed that responsibility for thoroughbreds must extend throughout their lives, describing that principle as fundamental to protecting the sport's future. While the programme has been developed specifically for Britain, its emphasis on lifetime accountability, scientific evidence and transparent governance carries considerable relevance for racing jurisdictions worldwide, including Australia and New Zealand, where community expectations surrounding equine welfare continue to shape the industry's social licence to operate.
Stratosphere Strengthens Tassie Breeding Future
Thursday, 12th November 2026
An increasingly impressive record of racetrack success has elevated Grenville Stud stallion Stratosphere into the upper echelon of Tasmania's commercial breeding industry, with the son of multiple champion sire Snitzel emerging as a potentially influential force ahead of the 2027 Magic Millions Tasmanian Yearling Sale. Despite a racing career restricted to just one appearance, Stratosphere entered stud with considerable pedigree credentials as a son of Snitzel from the stakes-winning mare Ultimate Fever, although the considerable challenge of establishing a commercially viable stallion outside Australia's principal breeding centres remained. That uncertainty has gradually disappeared as his progeny have demonstrated consistent winning ability across multiple jurisdictions, with 29 individual winners from 53 runners last season providing an exceptional foundation for his growing reputation. The early stages of the current season have reinforced that progress, producing another ten winners from 31 starters despite the continued absence of his outstanding daughter Sanniya, whose two Gr3 victories have already established her as his most accomplished representative. As highlighted by At The Barriers Tasmania, Sanniya's successes in the Gr3 Mystic Journey Stakes and Gr3 Vamos Stakes have provided valuable evidence that Stratosphere can sire performers capable of competing successfully in black-type company, extending his appeal beyond Tasmania's domestic racing market. The talented mare is expected to return in the Carpet Charge (1009m) on Devonport Cup Day, having captured the corresponding event last season before progressing to stakes success. Meanwhile, the performances of Prince Of Khatun, Halen, Mystic Wonder, Popilita and The Stalker have contributed to an expanding record that reflects both the consistency and versatility of Stratosphere's progeny. His emergence is particularly important for a Tasmanian breeding industry traditionally dependent upon stallions capable of producing sound, durable thoroughbreds at commercially accessible service fees. Needs Further and Alpine Eagle have played significant roles in sustaining that foundation, but Stratosphere's appeal incorporates the additional commercial advantages associated with one of Australia's most successful stallion families. As a son of Snitzel, he offers breeders access to a highly desirable sire line without the considerable financial commitment ordinarily associated with Australia's leading mainland stallions. His progeny have also demonstrated the early speed and maturity prized by buyers seeking horses capable of delivering relatively prompt racetrack returns. The forthcoming Tasmanian yearling auction will provide another important examination of his commercial standing, with expectations that Stratosphere will be strongly represented and attract substantial interest from both local and interstate purchasers. For vendors, that growing recognition offers the prospect of stronger competition in the sale ring, while buyers will be assessing whether his improving statistics translate into sustained value. Although comparisons with the influence of Needs Further remain premature, Stratosphere has already demonstrated the capacity to become considerably more than a successful regional sire, with the potential to strengthen Tasmania's reputation as a source of commercially attractive and competitive thoroughbreds.
A carefully constructed campaign towards January's $3 million Magic Millions 3YO Guineas (1400m) will take an important step forward at Newcastle on Saturday when exciting Queensland galloper Kickup Rocky contests the $250,000 Gr3 Spring Stakes (1600m), with trainer Desleigh Forster confident the interstate assignment provides an ideal opportunity to strengthen the gelding's credentials ahead of his principal summer target. The promising three-year-old has accumulated three victories from eight appearances, including successive Brisbane wins since resuming this preparation, and arrives at Newcastle as the early favourite following an outstanding performance at Doomben over 1350m. On that occasion, Kickup Rocky settled towards the rear before unleashing an explosive finishing burst to overwhelm his rivals with considerable authority, confirming the high opinion Forster has maintained of the gelding since his juvenile campaign. As reported by Punters.com.au, the Gr1-winning Eagle Farm trainer explained that the decision to travel south was determined primarily by the conditions of the Spring Stakes, which provide a more attractive opportunity than the increasingly demanding handicap assignments available in Brisbane. "The Magic Millions will be his grand final, but it was always planned to go this way," Forster said, adding that the Newcastle contest's set-weights conditions offered a significant advantage while providing valuable travel experience before the Gold Coast carnival. Regular jockey Daniel Moor, who has partnered Kickup Rocky at his previous six appearances, will maintain the association despite the interstate commitment, with Forster particularly encouraged by the rider's enthusiasm following the gelding's latest success. "Dan Moor will go down and ride him which is great because he knows him really well," she said. The eight-week interval between Newcastle and the Magic Millions Guineas will allow Forster to carefully manage the remainder of the preparation, with the lucrative January contest firmly established as the stable's principal objective. Kickup Rocky has already earned more than $250,000 for his connections and possesses an encouraging juvenile form profile, having finished fourth in the $1 million Gr2 BRC Sires' Produce Stakes (1400m) before contesting the Gr1 JJ Atkins (1600m), where he finished ninth behind Tron Bolt. That race has subsequently produced important winners, most notably Stormy Marco, who finished third before progressing to victory in the Gr1 Victoria Derby (2500m) during Melbourne Cup week. Forster strongly rejected suggestions that the JJ Atkins form had failed to withstand subsequent examination, citing the Derby winner's emergence as compelling evidence of its strength. The trainer, who celebrated her first Gr1 triumph when Apache Chase captured the 2022 Kingsford Smith Cup (1300m), believes Kickup Rocky possesses the talent and scope to continue progressing as his racing experience develops. Although the Newcastle assignment represents a valuable black-type opportunity in its own right, the broader objective remains clear: arrive at the Gold Coast in January with a seasoned, confident three-year-old capable of competing for one of Australia's richest age-restricted prizes.
Coolmore Colts Face Autumn Test Of Quality
Thursday, 12th November 2026
An intriguing question concerning the depth of Australia's three-year-old sprinting ranks has emerged from the Gr1 Coolmore Stud Stakes (1200m) at Flemington, where The Next Episode confirmed his superiority over his contemporaries without producing the exceptional performance ratings traditionally associated with the prestigious Derby Day feature. The Ciaron Maher-trained son of Snitzel earned a rating of 102 in defeating St Gotthard (101.5) and Mbube (100.9), with all three colts establishing significant new career peaks in a tightly contested finish. However, analysis by The Ratings Bureau, courtesy of racing.com, reveals that the 2026 renewal fell noticeably below the standard established by recent winners, including Tentyris, who recorded 106.3 in 2025, and Switzerland, whose 2024 victory earned a rating of 106. The average winning figure across the preceding decade stands at 105, placing The Next Episode approximately 1.3 lengths below that benchmark despite his impressive achievement in defeating the leading sprinters of his generation. The principal explanation lies in the race's overall time performance, which registered just 0.4 lengths above the established TopRate standard, compared with a ten-year Coolmore average of 5.4 lengths above that measure. Although the comparatively moderate early tempo influenced the final time, the analysis suggests that this alone cannot account for the substantial difference. The field travelled more slowly through the opening stages before accelerating sharply over the concluding 600m, producing a sectional figure 2.1 lengths above the historical median, which itself stands at 1.2 lengths below the standard. The compressed finishing margins provide further evidence of a competitive but potentially less exceptional renewal, with The Next Episode prevailing by just 0.2 lengths, third place separated by 0.5 lengths and fourth finishing two lengths behind the winner. By comparison, the corresponding ten-year median margins are 1.8, 1.9 and 3.3 lengths respectively. Importantly, the assessment does not diminish The Next Episode's accomplishment, particularly given the substantial improvement demonstrated by his principal rivals, but instead establishes a measurable distinction between superiority within an age group and the performance level required to challenge Australia's established sprinting elite. The country's leading sprinters generally operate at ratings of 104 or higher, suggesting that The Next Episode and his closest pursuers will need to progress further if they are to establish themselves among the nation's outstanding open-age performers. Their anticipated autumn returns will therefore provide an important examination of whether the Coolmore represented a genuine launching pad towards elite sprinting company or merely identified the best horses in a generation still developing towards its full potential. With three promising colts already producing substantial career-best performances, the prospect of further improvement remains compelling, but the stopwatch suggests that the ultimate measure of their quality is yet to come.
Valuable stallion prospect The Next Episode (pic: Mark Gatt)
Racing Mourns Tragic Loss Of Izzy Neale
Thursday, 12th November 2026
An overwhelming sense of grief has descended upon Australia's thoroughbred racing community following the tragic death of promising apprentice jockey Izzy Neale, who succumbed to injuries sustained in a race fall at Warren in western New South Wales on Sunday. Just 22 years of age, Neale was riding Marnoo in the Warren Shire Cotton Cup when her mount suffered a fatal foreleg injury approaching the 400m mark, dislodging the young jockey and leaving her unconscious. On-course paramedics immediately attended to Neale before arranging her emergency evacuation by air to Dubbo Hospital, where she remained in a critical condition on life support. Despite the efforts of medical specialists and an extraordinary outpouring of support from the racing community, she passed away peacefully on Tuesday evening, surrounded by her family and closest friends. In a deeply moving statement published by Racenet, her family expressed their devastation at losing a young woman whose passion for horses had been apparent almost from birth. "Izzy rode horses before she could walk. Her love of horses was a lifelong passion that, more recently, had grown into a love of racing," the family said. In a final act of generosity, Neale's family confirmed that her organs would be donated to help save other lives, providing a measure of comfort amid their unimaginable loss. Born and raised in Merriwa in the Upper Hunter, Neale had pursued her equestrian ambitions with determination, gaining valuable experience under several respected trainers, including the late Pat Farrell at Muswellbrook, Rod Northam at Scone and John Thompson at Randwick. Her transition from amateur riding to a professional apprenticeship in February 2024 produced an extraordinary beginning when she partnered Scruff's Magic to victory at Condobolin on her very first professional ride. Indentured to Dubbo trainer Brett Robb, Neale quickly established herself as one of the state's most promising apprentices, combining natural ability with a tireless work ethic and an infectious enthusiasm for her profession. Her burgeoning career produced 88 victories, including a memorable breakthrough at metropolitan level in July when she partnered It's A Tata to success at Rosehill Gardens, celebrating the achievement with the radiant smile that had become familiar to her colleagues and supporters. More recently, she had been on loan to leading Scone trainer Scott Singleton as her career continued to gather pace. The tragedy represents the first fatal racing accident involving a jockey in New South Wales since Darren Jones lost his life following a three-horse fall at Warialda in 2017, serving as a heartbreaking reminder of the risks undertaken by those whose dedication sustains the sport. Neale's family thanked Racing NSW, the NSW Jockeys Association, medical personnel and the wider racing community for their compassion and support, while requesting privacy as they mourn their loss. For those who knew and admired her, Izzy Neale will be remembered not merely for the considerable promise of a career so cruelly interrupted, but for her warmth, courage and lifelong devotion to the horses she loved.
Night Of Thunder Sets New European Sire Fee
Thursday, 12th November 2026
An extraordinary escalation in the commercial value of Europe's elite stallions has seen Darley announce a record-breaking €450,000 service fee for Night Of Thunder in 2027, representing a staggering 125 per cent increase on his previous €200,000 valuation and establishing the son of Dubawi as the continent's most expensive stallion on a publicly advertised basis. Standing at Kildangan Stud in Ireland, Night Of Thunder has enjoyed another outstanding season, producing six individual Gr1 winners and reaching the milestone of 100 stakes winners, with his achievements positioning him for a second consecutive European champion sire title. The announcement comes just days after Juddmonte confirmed that Frankel would remain at £350,000 for a fourth successive season, although the comparison requires qualification because Night Of Thunder's advertised fee includes Irish VAT of 13.5 per cent, whereas Frankel's and Dubawi's British fees exclude VAT. As detailed by Racing Post, Darley's expanding roster also features three exceptionally accomplished newcomers, headed by unbeaten Classic champion Bow Echo, who will commence his stallion career at Dalham Hall Stud in Newmarket at £65,000. The son of Night Of Thunder completed a remarkable Gr1 treble in the 2000 Guineas, St James's Palace Stakes and Sussex Stakes, becoming only the third horse since the introduction of the Pattern to capture all three without defeat. His Guineas performance earned a rating surpassed among winners of the Classic since 1970 only by Frankel, reinforcing his exceptional credentials as a prospective stallion. Darley's director of stallions Sam Bullard described Bow Echo (see below) as arguably the finest commercial stallion prospect retired in recent years, while fellow Night Of Thunder son Ombudsman will join Kildangan at €45,000 after a glittering career featuring five Gr1 victories, including successive Prince of Wales's Stakes and the Champion Stakes at Ascot. Another exciting addition is seven-time Gr1 winner Notable Speech, a son of Dubawi whose victories included the 2000 Guineas, Sussex Stakes and Breeders' Cup Mile, and who will stand alongside Ombudsman at €40,000. Dubawi himself remains unchanged at £350,000 following a season featuring 27 stakes winners, while Too Darn Hot has been reduced from £100,000 to £75,000. Significantly for Australasian breeders, Blue Point's fee has risen from €100,000 to €130,000 following a season highlighted by four Gr1 winners, including his southern hemisphere-bred daughter Point Barrow, whose spectacular victory in the Gr1 Champions Sprint (1200m) at Flemington provided another demonstration of his international influence. Ghaiyyath has also doubled to €40,000, with his progeny including Gr1 winners Opera Ballo and Australian performer Observer, while strong yearling demand has reinforced his commercial appeal. With Night Of Thunder's extraordinary appreciation, Dubawi's sustained dominance and an exceptional generation of newcomers entering stud, Darley's 2027 announcement illustrates the increasingly concentrated value of proven elite bloodlines and the enormous premiums breeders are prepared to pay for access to the world's most influential stallion families.
Frankel Reigns Supreme on Juddmonte Roster
Thursday, 12th November 2026
An extraordinary combination of racetrack dominance and sustained commercial appeal has secured Frankel's position among the world's most valuable thoroughbred stallions, with Juddmonte confirming that its legendary son of Galileo will stand at an unchanged fee of £350,000 for a fourth consecutive season at Banstead Manor Stud in Britain in 2027. The unbeaten champion, whose influence continues to extend across both hemispheres, has now sired more than 200 stakes winners worldwide, including 45 individual Gr1 winners, reinforcing his reputation as one of the most influential breeding forces of the modern era. His remarkable 2026 achievements included two additional northern hemisphere Classic winners, Thundering On and Breeders' Cup Turf hero Benvenuto Cellini, lifting his tally of Classic winners to 14. Across Britain and Ireland alone, Frankel has produced 18 Group winners this season, five successful at the highest level, while his international influence was emphatically demonstrated when Point Of Law captured the Gr1 Melbourne Cup (3200m) at Flemington. Commercial demand remains equally formidable, with Frankel leading the Tattersalls October Book 1 yearling averages for a fourth successive year, including five seven-figure sales. As reported by BloodHorse, Juddmonte highlighted the stallion's exceptional consistency in both the auction ring and on the racetrack, describing his achievements as further evidence of his standing among the world's elite sires. While Frankel remains the flagship attraction, the announcement also confirmed that exciting newcomer Field Of Gold will commence his stallion career at £20,000. The dual Gr1-winning son of Kingman, successful in the Irish 2000 Guineas and St James's Palace Stakes, was retired following a single appearance as a four-year-old and offers breeders access to an outstanding combination of speed, acceleration and pedigree. His sire Kingman will remain at £125,000 for a fifth consecutive season, reflecting both his proven record and increasing importance as a sire of successful stallions. Juddmonte's remaining roster fees are similarly unchanged, with Chaldean standing at £20,000, Lead Artist at £12,500 and Bated Breath at £5,000. Chaldean, whose first runners will appear in 2027, has generated considerable commercial interest, with his initial yearlings reaching €650,000 and 32 selling for six-figure sums, the highest number achieved by any first-crop sire. The son of Frankel covered more than 180 mares during 2026, underlining continued breeder confidence ahead of his progeny's racetrack debut. Meanwhile, Gr1-winning miler Lead Artist, a son of Dubawi from the influential Hasili family, attracted more than 170 mares in his introductory northern hemisphere season before transferring to Arrowfield Stud for southern hemisphere duties. The strength of Juddmonte's six-stallion roster reflects a breeding operation balancing established international supremacy with carefully cultivated emerging talent, while Frankel's continued dominance ensures that the pursuit of excellence remains firmly anchored in one of thoroughbred racing's greatest champions.
Tisse Finds His Calling Over The Mile
Thursday, 12th November 2026
A significant change in direction has transformed Tisse into a promising feature-race prospect for New Plymouth trainer Allan Sharrock, who believes the six-year-old son of Belardo can continue his resurgence in Saturday's Gr3 Gartshore Tauranga Stakes (1600m) before potentially pursuing an ambitious Gr1 assignment at Ellerslie on Boxing Day. Originally regarded as a staying prospect capable of developing into a genuine two-mile contender, Tisse has demonstrated that his most effective distance range may be considerably shorter, a realisation rewarded with a breakthrough black-type victory in the Gr3 Thompson Handicap (1600m) at Trentham last month. Sent out at $18 despite considerable stable confidence, the chestnut produced a powerful finishing burst under Kelly Myers to defeat The Scunner by a short neck, with Astoria Brooke finishing third, recording his sixth victory from 26 appearances. Sharrock was particularly satisfied with the performance, having been convinced by the gelding's trackwork that he was capable of outperforming market expectations. "He was outstanding and his work suggested that," Sharrock told NZ Racing News, adding that he had recommended the horse to friends and was surprised when his odds continued to drift. The trainer believes Tisse has maintained that level of form ahead of his Tauranga assignment, with Tuesday's work comparing favourably to his preparation for the Thompson Handicap. Although the gelding has previously won twice over 2100m, including at Ellerslie under champion jockey Opie Bosson, repeated attempts to develop him towards longer-distance Cups assignments had proved disappointing. "I always thought of him as a Cups' horse and the way he races, I thought he'd get two miles and so did Opie," Sharrock explained. "Every time I set him a prep to get to a two-mile race he came up short, so I think a mile or 2000m is about where we are with him." Should Tisse reproduce his recent performance at Tauranga, connections could consider a considerably more demanding assignment in the Gr1 Zabeel Classic (2000m) at Ellerslie on December 26. Sharrock readily acknowledges the strength of likely opposition headed by Waitak, but believes the remaining contenders may be sufficiently evenly matched to justify pursuing the prestigious weight-for-age feature. Myers will maintain her association with Tisse at Tauranga, where she also partners stablemates Tullamore Dew and Bridal Train. Unbeaten Darci Brahma mare Tullamore Dew resumes in the Tauranga Hardware & Plumbing Handicap (1200m), having won both previous appearances despite interruptions that have restricted her opportunities. Sharrock believes the mare is finally approaching full fitness following encouraging recent trackwork. Bridal Train, meanwhile, returns in the Devan Plastics Handicap (1400m) after being spelled following an unplaced appearance in the Listed Rangitikei Gold Cup (1600m) in May. The removal of her hood and two quiet jump-outs have encouraged expectations of a competitive fresh performance, although Sharrock makes little secret of his principal ambition. Having successfully reinvented Tisse as a feature miler, the experienced trainer is hopeful that another strong performance will establish the gelding as a legitimate contender for one of New Zealand's most prestigious summer prizes.
